The Iron and steel industry

The Iron and steel industry CHAPER-IIOVERVIEW OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRYIntroduction Steel is crucial to the development of any modern economy and is considered to be the backbone of human civilisation. The level of per capita consumption of steel is treated as an important index of the level of socioeconomic development and living standards of the people in any country. It is a product of a large and technologically complex industry having strong forward and backward linkages in terms of material flows and income generation. All major industrial economies are characterised by the existence of a strong steel industry and the growth of many of these economies has been largely shaped by the strength of their steel industries in their initial stages of development. Steel industry was in the vanguard in the liberalisation of the industrial sector and has made rapid strides since then. The new greenfield plants represent the latest in technology. Output has increased, the industry has moved up in the value chain and exports have risen consequent to a greater integration with the global economy. The new plants have also brought about a greater regional dispersion easing the domestic supply position notably in the western region. At the same time, the domestic steel industry faces new challenges. Some of these relate to the trade barriers in developed markets and certain structural problems of the domestic industry notably due to the high cost of commissioning of new projects. The domestic demand too has not improved to significant levels. The litmus test of the steel industry will be to surmount these difficulties and remain globally competitive. Historical Perspective The finished steel production in India has grown from a mere 1.1 million tonnes in 1951 to 31.63 million tonnes in 2001-2002. During the first two decades of planned economic development, i.e. 1950-60 and 1960-70, the average annual growth rate of steel production exceeded 8%. However, this growth rate could not be maintained in the following decades. During 1970- 80, the growth rate in steel production came down to 5.7% per annum and picked up marginally to 6.4% per annum during 1980-90, which further increased to 6.65% per annum during 1990-2000. Though India started steel production in 1911, steel exports from India began only in 1964. Exports in the first five years were mainly due to recession in the domestic iron and steel market. Once domestic demand revived, exports declined. India once again started exporting steel only in 1975 touching a figure of 1 million tonnes of pig iron and 1.4 million tonnes of steel in 1976-77. Thereafter, exports again declined to pick up only in 1991-92, when the main producers exported 3.87 lakh tonnes, which rose to 2.79 million tonnes in 1995-96 and 3.3 million tonnes in 2001-02. The growth in the steel sector in the early decades after Independence was mainly in the public sector units set up during this period. The situation has changed dramatically in the decade 1990-2000 with most of the growth originating in the private sector. The share of public sector and private sector in the production of steel during 1990-91 was 46% and 54% respectively, while during 2001-02 the same was 32% and 68% respectively. This change was brought about by deregulation and decontrol of the Indian iron steel sector in 1991. A number of policy measures have been taken since 1991 for the growth and development of the Indian iron steel sector. Some of the important steps are (a) removal of iron steel industry from the list of industries reserved for the public sector and also exempting it from the provisions of compulsory licensing under the Industries (Development Regulation) Act, 1951, (b) deregulation ofprice and distribution of iron steel, (c) inclusion of iron and steel industry in the list of high priority industries for automatic approval for foreign equity investments upto 51%. This limit has been since increased upto 100%, (d) lowering of import duty on capital goods and raw materials etc. Growth of the Indian Steel Sector after Liberlisation Finished Carbon Steel The Indian steel sector was the first core sector to be completely removed from the licensing regime as well as pricing and distribution controls. This was done primarily because of the inherent strengths and capabilities demonstrated by the Indian iron and steel industry. The growth rate in 1995-96 was a phenomenal 20%. During 1996-97, finished steel production shot up to a record 22.72 million tonnes with a growth rate of 6.2%, while in 1997-98, the finished steel production increased to 23.37 million tonnes, which was 2.8% more than the production of the preceding year. The growth rate decreased drastically in 1997-98 and 1998-99 being 2.8% and 1.9% respectively. The growth rate in 2001-2002 was 4.29% with the total production touching 31.63 million tonnes. The production of finished steel during April -December, 2002 has been 23.83 million tonnes, which is 6.3% higher than the production during the corresponding period of 2001-02. Details of total production of finished carbon steel and the share of main and secondary producers in it from 1991-92 onwards are set out in the following table: Production of Finished Carbon Steel (In million tonnes) Year MainProducersSecondaryProducersTotal1991-92 7.96 (55%) 6.37 (45%) 14.331992-93 8.41 (55%) 6.79 (45%) 15.201993-94 8.77 (57.6%) 6.43 (42.4%) 15.201994-95 9.57 (53.8%) 8.25 (46.2%) 17.821995-96 10.59 (49.5%) 10.81 (50.5%) 21.401996-97 10.54 (46.4%) 12.18(53.6%) 22.721997-98 10.44 (44.6%) 12.93(55.4%) 23.371998-99 9.91 (41.6%) 13.91(58.4%) 23.821999-2000 11.20 (41.9%) 15.51(58.1%) 26.712000-2001 12.49 (43%) 16.78(57%) 29.272001-2002 13.05 (42.6%) 17.58(57.4%) 31.632002-2003(Till December,2002)10.38 (44%) 13.45(56%) 23.83(Figures in bracket indicate the percentage share)Pig IronAlongwith the production of steel, the production of pig iron in the countryhas also increased. The details since 1991-92 are as under :-(In million tonnes)Year MainProducersSecondary Producers Total1991-92 1.485 0.102 1.5871992-93 1.679 0.165 1.8441993-94 1.977 0.273 2.2501994-95 2.005 0.780 2.7851995-96 1.735 1.060 2.7951996-97 1.733 1.557 3.2901997-98 1.760 1.687 3.4471998-99 1.354 1.644 2.9981999-2000 1.2 45 1.900 3.1452000-2001 0.970 2.430 3.4002001-2002 1.016 3.055 4.0712002-2003( Till Dec. 2002)0.810 3.075 3.885 Sponge Iron During the early 90s, the sponge iron industry had been specially promoted so as to provide an alternative to steel melting scrap, which was increasingly becoming scarce. The production of sponge iron (Direct Reduced Iron DRI) during the period 1991-92 to 2002-03 was as under:- (In million tonnes) Year Production % increase 1991-92 1.31 1992-93 1.44 9.91993-94 2.40 66.71994-95 3.39 41.31995-96 4.40 29.81996-97 5.01 13.81997-98 5.35 6.781998-99 5.11 -4.48.1999-2000 5.18 1.372000-2001 5.44 5.012001-2002 5.66 3.992002-2003 (Till December 2002) 4.50 - As per the International Iron and Steel Institute, India has emerged as the largest producer of sponge iron in the world in 2001. Production of sponge iron in the country as an alternative feed material to steel melting scrap, which was being imported hitherto in large quantities by the Electric Arc Furnace Units and the Induction Furnace Units, has resulted in considerable savings in foreign exchange. Apparent Consumption of Steel Apparent consumption of steel is arrived at by subtracting export of steel from the total of domestic production and adding the import of steel in the country. Change in stock is also adjusted in arriving at the consumption figures. It is also treated as the actual domestic demand of steel in the country. Details of year-wise apparent consumption of finished steel since 1990-91 are given in the table below :- (In million tonnes)Year ApparentConsumption 1990-91 14.371991-92 14.83 (3.2%)1992-93 15.00 (1.2%)1993-94 15.32 (2.0%)1994-95 18.66 (21.8%)1995-96 21.65 (16.0%)1996-97 22.13 (2.2%)1997-98 22.63 (2.6%)1998-99 23.54(4.02%)1999-2000 25.01(6.24%)2000-2001 26.53(6.08%)2001-2002 27.44(3.39%)2002-2003(Till December,2002)20.65(5.0%) (The figures in brackets indicate the% percentage increase over the previous year. The apparent consumption of steel did not show any substantive increase in 2001-2002 mainly due to slowdown being faced by some of the steel using industries like automobile and engineering industries and construction. With the revival of demand for automobile and engineering goods and general improvement in the economy, it is expected that consumption of steel will increase further. Indias per capita crude steel consumption, as per the latest available figures is 27 Kg, which is far below the level of other developed and developing countries 472.4 kg., 428.6 kg. and 128 kg. in USA, EU and China respectively. With the ongoing economic liberalisation resulting in faster economic growth, steel consumption is expected to increase rapidly. Long Term Demand-Availability Projections of Finished SteelIn order to have a long term perspective to facilitate planning, a Sub-Group on Steel and Ferro Alloys was constituted for the steel sector under the aegis of the Planning Commission. The Sub-Group deliberated upon all aspects including supply-demand projections for finished steel during the period 2001-02 to 2011-12. Considering a GDP growth rate of 6.5% as realistic during the 10thPlan, the Sub-Group has projected the demand of finished carbon steel in the country to rise as follows:- (In million tonnes)Year Forecast of demand for Finished Carbon Steel 2001-02 28.242002-03 30.012003-04 31.912004-05 33.922005-06 36.052006-07 38.222007-08 40.742008-09 43.302009-10 46.032010-11 48.932011-12 52.01 Import and Export of Iron and Steel(a) Import of Steel Import in steel sector has been mainly in plates, hot rolled coils, cold rolled coils and semis. Import of steel (carbon, alloy and stainless ) during 2002-03 (upto December, 2002) was about 0.72 million tonnes. Import of steel (carbon, alloy and stainless) during 2001-02 was about 1.50 million tonnes, which was 17.43% less than imports in 2000-2001. The total import of steel, pig iron and scrap during the last five years and value thereof was as under :- Import of Steel, Pig Iron Steel Scrap (Quantity in million tonnes)(Value in Rupees crores )Category 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03(Provisional)(Upto Jan., 2003)Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. ValueSaleableSteel1.652 2459.00 2.200 2930.00 1.885 2712.00 1.501 2260.00 1.470 2286.00Pig Iron 0.002 2.00 0.003 2.00 0.002 2.00 .002 2.36 0 .001 1.48SteelScrap0.880 478.00 1.076 584.00 1.512 945.00 1.980 1206.00 1. 225 820.00Total 2.534 2939.00 3.279 3516.00 3.399 3659.00 3.483 3468.36 2.696 3107.48 (b) Export of Steel The general policy and procedures for export and import of iron and steel, ferro alloys and ferro scrap are at present decided by the Ministry of Commerce in consultation with the Ministry of Steel. In a momentous move to push exports aggressively, Government of India has announced several measures in the new Five-year Exim policy (2002-07), which is in effect from 1st April 2002. These include the removal of quantitative restrictions on exports save in respect of a few sensitive items; permission for setting up overseas banking units in Special Economic Zones (SEZ); retention of duty-neutralisation instruments including Duty Entitlement Pass Book (DEPB) and other export promotion schemes. The most important move in the new Exim Policy is the reduction of transaction time for exporters by introduction of a new eight-digit commodity classification in line with imports. Under Advance Licensing, the new policy abolishes Duty Exemption Entitlement Certificate (DEEC) Book, a practice foll owed since 1975. The policy also withdraws Advance Licence for annual requirements. Exporters can now avail Advance Licence for any value. The Union Ministry of Commerce Industry has recently gone in for a hike/ revision in the DEPB rates for steel exporters, covering exports of galvanised products, hot rolled coils and cold rolled coils. For HR coils, the rate has been revised to 15%, while for galvanised plain/galvanised coated and cold rolled, the present rates are at 17% and 18% respectively. DEPB Scheme hasbeen made further attractive by including SAD in DEPB with effect from 1st April, 2002. Indias major market for steel and steel items include USA, Canada, Indonesia, Italy, West Asia, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka and Belgium. The major steel items of export include HR coils, plates, CR and galvanized products, pipes, stainless steel, wire rods and wires. With the fall in prices along with depressed domestic demand, India has been increasing exports to overcome the excess supply situation. This has resulted in antidumping actions being taken by developed countries like USA, EU and Canada. The trade action by some countries against Indian steel industry has, to some extent, affected Indias exports to these countries. The Government of India and the Indian steel producers are trying to combat such actions despite such efforts being very expensive and involving time-consuming procedures. Details of the quantity and value of steel, pig iron and sponge iron exported from the year 1998-99 are given in the table below: Item 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03** (Apr.-Dec.02)Saleable Steel 2.400 3.340 2.570 3.300 2.750Pig Iron* 0.276 0.290 0.232 0.312 0.351Sponge Iron* 0.169 Nil Nil Nil NilTotal 2.845 3.630 2.802 3.612 3.101*Source DGCIS ** Provisional Current Global Scenario In the year 2000, the World Crude Steel production was 848 million tonnes, showing an impressive growth of 7.6% over the previous year. The world steel consumption also rose by almost 8%. The international steel trade constituted around 303 million tons or 40.5% of the production. In 2001 and 2002, world crude steel production was 833.70 million tonnes and 886.70 million tonnes, respectively. The following significant developments have been witnessed recently in the global steel scenario: There has been a spate of mergers and acquisitions all over the world in the steel industry. This is a relatively new development in the steel industry and is not confined only to companies within the same country but often involved cross border acquisitions and mergers. China has emerged as the most vibrant market for steel production and consumption. The crisis of excess capacity and prevalence of market distorting practices in the global steel market has induced protectionist measures from a number of steel trading countries. To address these issues a series of high level inter-governmental meetings have been held under the auspices of the OECD. In March 2002, the US President announced imposition of temporary safeguard measures on import of key steel products into USA. In retaliation in respect to the US action, EU has also imposed provisional safeguard measures against import of certain steel products. China, Canada and Thailand etc. have initiated safeguard investigations agai nst import of steel products into their countries. Domestic Steel Sector Scenario The iron and steel sector has been experiencing a slowdown in the last few years. The steel market remained sluggish and price levels of steel and steel products remained stagnant. This stagnancy resulted in steel companies registering net losses. However, steel prices started to pick up from April 2002 and this upturn is expected to help steel companies to reduce their net losses. The growth of steel sector is dependent upon the growth of the economy in general and the growth of industrial production and infrastructure sectors in particular. The major reasons for the slow growth in the steel sector during the last few years include: (a) Cost escalation in the input materials for iron and steel Power tariff, freight rates, coal prices etc. have been under the administered price regime. These rates have been frequently enhanced, thereby contributing to the rise in input costs for steel making.(b) Continuous reduction in import duty on iron and steel After liberalisation, import duty rates on iron and steel items have been gradually reduced over the years. This has opened up the domestic iron and steel sector to international competition. The extent of changes brought about in the customs duty of some of the items of steel since 1993-94 are given below: (Import Duties % Ad valorem )Item 1993-941994-951995-961996-971997-98 1998-991999-20002000-01 2001-02HR COILS 50% 40% 30% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25%CR COILS 75% 50% 40% 25% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Plates 75% 50% 40% 30% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Bars/ Rods/Structurals85% 50% 40% 30% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Measures taken by Ministry of Steel to boost Demand The Ministry of Steel has been making all out efforts to help the domestic steel sector to overcome the problems faced by the steel industry and boost demand for steel in the steel consuming sectors. These include:- (a) Establishing Training cum Service institutes The Ministry has endeavored to promote research and developmental efforts by industry as well as provide technical support and trained manpower to the steel producing and consuming sectors. The following institutes have been set up:- (i) The Institute for Steel Development and Growth (INSDAG), Kolkata (West Bengal):- This is meant to promote usage of steel primarily in the construction industry by producing working designs and updating Engineering College syllabi. (ii) Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute, Puri (Orissa):- This has been set up for providing training-cum-service promotion for the industry. (iii) National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology(NISST), Mandi Govind Garh (Punjab):- This is primarily meant to promote upgradation of manpower in the secondary steel industry. (b) Campaign for increasing demand for Steel The Development Commissioner for Iron Steel (DCIS) has launched a National Campaign for increasing the demand for steel, in non-traditional sectors, particularly in the construction, rural and agro-based industrial sectors. In this connection, a conference was held on 21.9.2002 jointly organised by Ministry of Steel and Ministry of Rural Development for promotion of use of steel in the rural markets. Various measures were suggested to increase the use of steel in the rural areas. It was decided that the cooperation of Ministry of Surface Transport, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Small Scale Industries Agro and Rural Industries, Ministry of Consumers Affairs and Public Distribution and Planning Commission may be obtained for the mission. (c) Reduction in Power Rail Tariffs In order to make despatches of iron and steel material more attractive through the railways, the Railway Board has been requested to consider lowering the classification of steel; give freight discount to bulk users and to bring down freight rates of iron and steel commodities. (d) Reduction in input costs The Ministry of Steel has been able to rationalise the classification of coking coal in consultation with the Coal Ministry so as to reduce the impact of royalty payable on this basic raw material. Import duties on several raw materials used by the steel industry have been reduced steadily over the past 4 -5 years. (e) Strengthening of Anti Dumping mechanism The Directorate General of Anti-Dumping And Allied Duties under the Ministry of Commerce is the ‘Designated Authority to initiate necessary action for investigation and subsequent imposition of anti-dumping duty when there is sufficient evidence of imports being dumped in India. A recent study by the Metal Bulletin Review reveals that in case of flat products, almost every steel producing country has either an anti-dumping case instituted against it or has started a case against exporting countries. As the consumption in India was increasing with the increase of domestic availability, the steel exporters particularly from the Russian/CIS countries have been depressing the Indian market by unduly cheap exports through dumping. India has already imposed anti-dumping duties mainly on HR products imported from these countries. Apart from the flat products, there has been imposition of antidumping duties on certain grades of alloy and non-alloy steel billets, bars and rounds from China and Russia. (f) OECD Meetings The crisis of excess capacity and prevalence of market distorting practices in the global steel market has induced protectionist measures from a number of steel trading countries. To address these issues, a series of High Level Inter- Governmental meetings have been held in which representatives from countries accounting for nearly 95% of the total steel production have been participation. These meetings serviced by the OECD Secretariat are being held in pursuance of President Bushs initiatives for a multilateral steel capacity. These initiatives are being supported by major steel producing nations including the European Community and Japan. Five High Level Meetings have already been held. India has a number of concerns with regard to the modalities of excess capacity reduction and enforcement of disciplines in the steel market. India has not forecast any closure of surplus steel capacity. It has been pointed out that our installed capacity which had reached around 40 million tonnes per annum in the mid to late nineties, is now estimated to be around 33-34 million tonnes against domestic demand of around 29 million tonnes. This is largely on account of closure of units in the secondary sector due to operation of market forces. The other participating countries have, however, forecast closure of excess capacity to the extent of 95-100 million tonnes by 2010 and furnished detailed break down of likely closure by 2005. The Working Group on Capacity, established during the third High Level Meeting, will monitor these market forecasts. Future Prospects With the onset of liberalisation, the steel industry has to gear-up, not only to meet domestic competition, but also the global competition in terms of product range, quality and price. The growth of the steel sector is intricately linked with the growth of the Indian economy and especially the growth of the steel consuming sectors. India has become self-sufficient in iron and steel materials in the last 3-4 years. Exports are rising and imports are taking place mostly in a few specialised categories. Production and production capacities are increasing. The position needs to be further consolidated and issues affecting production and consumption need to be resolved on a continuous basis. At the same time, productivity of our steel plants must be maintained at levels close to international standards. The Ministry of Steel continues to play an active and major role in helping the steel industry to overcome bottlenecks in the growth of this sector. Steel Exporters Forum The Ministry of Steel has set up a Steel Exporters Forum in February 1998 with a view to fulfil the long felt need of the producers and exporters from the iron and steel sector and also to resolve issues, problems and bottlenecks faced by them in exports. The Chairman of the Forum is the Development Commissioner for Iron and Steel. All major steel producers/associations are its members. Representatives of the Ministries of Finance, Railways and Surface Transport are also its members in addition to the Ministry of Steel.

Behavior is hereditary Essay

The whole issue of nature and nurture is complex with potential debates centered round their influences on human development. Nature refers to the traits inherited from parents while nurture refers to the influence of the environment to an individual’s behavior (Lippa 2005, p. 26). Psychological research shows that both nature and nature have a general influence on the physical and behavioral characteristics of people. This paper seeks to explain the factors which affect nature and nurture. The nature theory holds that human behavior is hereditary. True to the theory, some traits such as blood type and eye color are known to be predominantly genetic. It can therefore be asserted that genetic variation of people affects the development and characteristics of the next generation (Lippa 2005, p. 28). Nurture on the other side holds that the environment in which an individual is brought up in influences his or her behavior. In this context therefore, it can be acknowledged that the ability of an individual to interact and conform to the societal requirements and the environment at large affects the degree to which the environment can influence the individual’s behavior (Lippa 2005, p. 28). Still to be noted here is the effect of age on the influence of nature and nurture. Inherited traits are first noticed when a child is born. As the child grows up to teenage, behavioral characteristics are predominantly influenced by the environment because of the interactive nature of people at this stage of growth as well as the ability to conform to peers and the society at large (Lerner & Bearer 2004, p. 86). At adult stages, people tend to become more independent hence less influenced by the environment. At this stage therefore nature prevails but the nurture traits acquired at early stages of growth remains effective. In conclusion therefore, nature and nurture are undoubtedly influential to human development. Nature gives inborn traits while nurture takes these inborn abilities and changes them with age to fit the individual’s environment. ? Bibliography Lippa, R 2005, Gender, nature, and nurture, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Lerner, R, & Bearer, E 2004, Nature and Nurture: The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Environment. Routledge: New York.

What Are the Highest Mountains on Each Continent

Highest Mountain in the World (and Asia)Everest, Nepal-China: 29,035 feet / 8850 meters Highest Mountain in AfricaKilimanjaro, Tanzania: 19,340 feet / 5895 meters Highest Mountain in AntarcticaVinson Massif: 16,066 feet / 4897 meters Highest Mountain in AustraliaKosciusko: 7310 feet / 2228 meters Highest Mountain in EuropeElbrus, Russia (Caucasus): 18,510 feet / 5642 meters Highest Mountain in Western EuropeMont Blanc, France-Italy: 15,771 feet / 4807 meters Highest Mountain in OceaniaPuncak Jaya, New Guinea: 16,535 feet / 5040 meters Highest Mountain in North AmericaMcKinley (Denali), Alaska: 20,320 feet / 6194 meters Highest Mountain in the 48 Contiguous United StatesWhitney, California: 14,494 feet / 4418 meters Highest Mountain in South AmericaAconcagua, Argentina: 22,834 feet / 6960 meters Lowest Point in the World (and Asia)Dead Sea shore, Israel-Jordan: 1369 feet / 417.5 meters below sea level Lowest Point in AfricaLake Assal, Djibouti: 512 feet / 156 meters below sea level Lowest Point in AustraliaLake Eyre: 52 feet / 12 meters below sea level Lowest Point in EuropeCaspian Sea shore, Russia-Iran-Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan: 92 feet / 28 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Western EuropeTie: Lemmefjord, Denmark and Prins Alexander Polder, Netherlands: 23 feet / 7 meters below sea level Lowest Point in North AmericaDeath Valley, California: 282 feet / 86 meters below sea level Lowest Point in South AmericaLaguna del Carbon (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz): 344 feet / 105 meters below sea level Lowest Point in AntarcticaThe Bentley Subglacial Trench is approximately 2540 meters (8,333 feet) below sea level but is covered with ice; if Antarcticas ice were to melt, exposing the trench, it would be covered by sea so it is a quasi-lowest point and if one ignores the reality of the ice, it is the lowest point on land on the earth. Deepest Point in the World (and the deepest in the  Pacific Ocean)Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Western Pacific Ocean: -36,070 feet / -10,994 meters Deepest Point in the Atlantic OceanPuerto Rico Trench: -28,374 feet / -8648 meters Deepest Point in the Arctic OceanEurasia Basin: -17,881 feet / -5450 meters Deepest Point in the Indian OceanJava Trench: -23,376 feet / -7125 meters Deepest Point in the Southern OceanSouthern end of the South Sandwich Trench: -23,736 feet / -7235 meters

Essay on Insight on the Motivation of Workers - 596 Words

Motivation has always been a subject of much research over the last fifty years however there have been many definitions and theories describing and analysing motivation but the research is never complete. Right from Robert Owen who described human beings to be like machines that need care and maintenance to work efficiently till Drucker (1999) who described them as the knowledge workers of the 21st century with different needs and therefore on what it is required I would like to elaborate on the following articles to get a deep insight. Ruthankoon et al. (2001)explores construction organisation to understand the factors leading to job satisfaction and job performance of the industry workers in a Thai construction setting using†¦show more content†¦Also the study helps recognise the various motivational factors in different settings according to Herzberg’s theory and makes a comparative testing of the theory with other testing methods. Selden et al. (2000) tested one of the Metatheories – â€Å"High Performance Cycle† proposed by Locke and Latham amongst the senior executives. The study signifies the integration of several theories of motivation to explain the chain of informal relationships between goals, individual performance, rewards, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The theories few listed, includes goal setting theory, control theory, expectancy theory, equity theory and reinforcement theory that mobilises to understand how organisations can use goals as inducements to create and sustain high performance (Locke Latham 1990ab). In addition Schmid et al. (2008) gives an insight to project team motivation as against the organizational motivation by clearly stating the techniques adopted by the project manager to develop high level of intrinsic team motivation. It also illustrates the factors leading to the formation of motivated teams irrespective of the culture and power within an organisation. To add further (Tonya M. Peterson) presents the fact that motivation can create an environment that nurtures teamwork and collective initiatives to reach common goals and objectives. Nevertheless the study involves the various theories of motivations like the Mc Gregor’sShow MoreRelatedThe Case Study B When Best Interests Of Client Harm A Third911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe decision making dilemma. There is the legal code section 1.01, Commitment to Clients however, it does not effectively support and guide Suzanne’s worker in this particular case despite the discussion of the â€Å"responsibility to the larger society† (Workers, 2008) as well as, reporting â€Å"specific legal obligations† (Workers, 2008). It is Suzanne’s worker who has the primary responsibility to act in the best interest of Suzanne, but lacks in consideration and support of Suzanne’s younger sister. ThereRead MoreWhat is Intrinsic Rewad?1466 Words   |  6 PagesWhat i s intrinsic reward, intrinsic reward is a non-monetary reward, where it not involved physical things; for example; motivation, cooperation, self-esteem, and encouragement. Its more refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from external rewards, such as money or grades. It comes from the pleasure from the task itself and sense of satisfaction in completing any task that you have done. Intrinsic reward are differ from extrinsic reward, where extrinsic reward is likeRead MoreJob Rotation1017 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. It can also be described as an approach to Management Development where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him/her a breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation can improve â€Å"multi-skilling† but also involves the need for greater training. In a sense, Job rotation is similar to Job enlargement. This approach widens the activit ies of a worker by switching him or her around a range of workRead MoreMotivation And Non Financial Methods Of Motivation923 Words   |  4 Pages(Entrepreneurial Insights, 2014). There are multiple theories to suggest different types of motivation, for example financial and non-financial methods of motivation. Motivation is defined as the level at which an employee feels it is OK to perform at and what encourages them to be that way (Kelley, 2015), depending on the individual will vary on the incentives that make them want to work. There are two ways to motivate a person, either financially or non-financially. Financial motivation methods includeRead MoreSeminar on  Challenges in Human Resource Management in 21st Century1223 Words   |  5 PagesSEMINAR ON CHALLENGES IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN 21st CENTURY November 27, 2010 WORKERS MOTIVATION AS A CHALLENGE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT K.C.Das Commerce College, Chatribari Guwahati-8 PresentedRead MoreHertzberg’s Two Factor Theory of Motivation Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing worker productivity continues to be asked by organizations and managers alike. That is one reason why the topic of motivation is so prevalent and importance continues to increase in management research. It is believed that if organizations or managers can find the key to motivate individuals, then the company will be able to increase productivity, therefore increasing their bottom line. Theoretical Framework Over the years, researchers have tested numerous theories of motivation. Hertzberg’sRead MoreEmployee And Employee Motivation And Positive Discretionary Behaviour1037 Words   |  5 PagesAn unhappy worker can display positive discretionary behaviour The subject of this thesis is to explore and understand if unhappy employees can exert positive discretionary behaviour. The aim of this research is to understand the nature of this theory, as well as gain a further understanding of the relationship between employee and employee motivation and positive discretionary behaviour. An unhappy worker can display positive discretionary behaviour in order to assist management and an overallRead More Motivation and Conflict Management Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation and Conflict Management Organizations strive for creative ways to enhance employee motivation and resolve conflicts with the desire to have employees perform better within the workplace. To motivate one has to be motivated. Motivation within the workplace has to be constant and requiring a goal. Motivation, if not repeated will not last. Therefore, learning to determine how different organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees, analyzing conflict management strategiesRead MoreTheory X and Y: Style Management967 Words   |  4 Pagescompany to work for. It seems to me that there are not really a lot of companies that lean so heavily towards the Y scale. Those that do exist can be very difficult to get into, which tells me something else about human nature. I think that most workers consider themselves to either be Theory Y or at least have Theory Y tendencies. Some may, because of their personal pride, exaggerate their Theory Y-ness. However, most employers have little faith in their employees, at least with respect to givingRead MoreComponents of Expectancy680 Words   |  3 PagesComponents of Expectancy There are three components of the expectancy theory of motivation which will be explained in this essay. After the three components are explain, the components will be put to use in a real world scenario. The scenario introduces a company that produces a line of branded professional audio products for which they strive to provide the highest quality audio products in the industry. Now let’s get started with explain the three components. The first component is valence

Essay about Impact of Deafness on Children - 680 Words

Deafness can occur at birth or become evident later in a person’s life. Deafness is a disability where a person cannot hear anything through their ear canal. Deafness is incorporated importantly with children because if a child has this disability as a younger age than it attributes greatly to how a child can develop with this disability. Some scientists say that deafness can be lead to genetics while others say that trauma events or exposure to loud noise also have a key role to the cause. Deafness as first is assessed by either at birth or can become acquired as stated earlier. Acquired deafness can be damaged to the ear canal through noise or it can be a delayed onset genetic issue (medicine net). Deafness acquired at birth can be†¦show more content†¦The impact on its social development is that the interaction it has with people who are not deaf. The majority of social development deals with gestures (Marschark 92). Gestures deal with how a child can be social wit h other people, for example using hand signal gestures with the thumb and index fingers or body gestures to interact with them. Another example of social development of children is that at a young age children who are deaf develop sounds or proto words to explain something. The impact that deafness has on the cognitive development of children is how language deals with cognition. Language deals with how a person learns cognitively and with learning communication that deaf people are attributed with then their cognitive thinking changes in that they have to think more physically. The cognitive development of a child who is deaf is distinctively different than a child who is not. A child who is deaf may be a step above cognitively than a child who is not, because they have to learn more in order to function with other children their age. The physical development of a child who is deaf has no impact on the child what so ever. The impact that deafness has on a child has greatly more imp ortance to the social and cognitive development of a child. The physical development of a child other than not being able to hear through both ear canals is the only physical disability that it has. The ear canals inside might be different thanShow MoreRelatedHearing Loss and Cochlear Implants1822 Words   |  7 Pagesabout five percent of the world population have disabling hearing loss (Deafness). Disabling hearing loss refers to hearing loss greater than 40 decibels for adults and a hearing loss of greater than 30 decibels for children (Deafness). 40 decibels is equivalent to the tune of a refrigerator humming. Although hearing loss can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound -- there are numerous ways of improving the damaged hearing (Deafness). The most common ways are through hearing aids and cochlear implantsRead MoreDeafness : What It Is?1083 Words   |  5 Pages What is deafness? Deafness is very different to people’s general perception of what it actually is. The most common view is that it is a complete loss of hearing however deafness is defined as the lack or loss of the ability to hear. You can either be born deaf or gradually lose the ability to hear later on in life (Presbycusis). Pre natal or congenital causes of deafness may be due to a specific X chromosome being passed on through generations of familiesRead MoreThe Use of Pre-natal Genetic Diagnosis786 Words   |  3 Pagesinto the world. On the other hand, couples like S.M and C.D, a lesbian couple from the United States contend that PGD and embryo screening should be used to use a deaf sperm donor so they could have a deaf children. My own view is pre-natal genetic diagnosis can be used to prevent a children from being that would have a genetic defect, but should not be allowed to purposely have a disabled child. For those who oppose alteration or destruction of human embryos, pre-natal genetic diagnosis is neverRead MoreDeaf : Deaf And Deaf886 Words   |  4 Pagespossibilities to help deaf children overcome their hearing loss to promote deaf-gain and normalization are the major focus in the 21st century. Deaf Studies introduce technological interventions that give rise to various types of hearing devices. Experts argue the use of technological devices to help deaf children hear if these are possible considering the individual pathological circumstances of the children. Residual hearing of the deaf children is encouraged to be used. If deaf children cannot hear throughRead MoreDeaf : A Cultural Identity849 Words   |  4 PagesDeaf Population There are approximately 35 million people with a range of hearing loss in the United States (Hamill Stein, 2001). Roughly half a million deaf people don’t consider their deafness as a disability or medical disorder. They view their deafness from a cultural perspective. They consider themselves a pride in being deaf. Deaf culture has its own social norms, views, values and historical figures and more on identity formation (Hamill Stein, 2001). With a capital â€Å"D’, this is consideredRead MoreI Feel Like The Film Sound, And Fury880 Words   |  4 Pagesculture in contemporary society. By following two families, the film looks at how the societal pressures and the impacts of the cochlear implant have on deaf families, and deaf culture. For years, deaf individuals have been told they are less than or different, and after years of stigmatization, and ill treatment many people have become part of deaf culture, which does not look at deafness as a disability, but rather a different way of life. For parents, the option of giving their deaf child a cognitiveRead MoreA Comparison Of Interventions For Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss1655 Words   |  7 Pagespresented A or B strengths of evidence addressing the comparison between HA or CI in the pediatric population with prelingual deafness. Level V It was possible to conclude that there was consensus between the authors in that CI conferred greater benefits compared to conventional HA for the acquisition of linguistic and communicative skills in patients with prelingual deafness. Since many measures of analysis were found for pre- and post-operatory hearing outcomes (scales and tests), rendering it difficultRead MoreExplosive Devices and Their Effects on the Government Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagessecurity.†8 Law and order, stability and peaceful environment are obtained in a State when a State is able to establish total control and authority. An IED explosion, or a scare about the presence or probable occurrence of both can have negative impacts and behavioral change in the Civilian population which will lead to collapse in the entire political hierarchy if the situation is not controlled smartly. 8 Richard Moyes, Director of Policy and Research, Landmine Action Injury Patterns and TraumaRead MoreSocial Construction And Disability Models1579 Words   |  7 Pagesand there became more appreciation for deafness. Harlan Lane an author of an article called â€Å"Construction of Deafness† talked about deafness as being linguistic. As a social problem, deafness can be variously construed. The â€Å"deaf world† has a distinct culture and that deafness is constructed differently in that culture than it is in national cultures of hearing peoples. The implications of a shift toward the linguistic minority construction for deaf children and adults is what this article showsRead MoreDeaf : A Common Experience Of Life1590 Words   |  7 PagesIn most societies of today deafness is seen as a defect and a major disability. Helen Keller said, that being deaf it was more difficult than being blind, â€Å"Blindness cuts people off from things; deafness cuts people off from people. (Harrington, 2000). Many hearing people, might think of a deaf person as defected, or handicapped, and pity them, but most people in Deaf communities do not think of themself as disabled or handicapped, they embraced the way they are, and turn a physiological difference

The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager Free Essays

One of the most important functions that budgeting accounts for is the planning function1. We will be arguing for the importance of the planning function in the overall budgeting activity and will be arguing for the many ways the budgeting planning function is coordinating with the company’s strategic planning. First of all, the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to the planning activities that the company, starting with the financial department, needs to (1) determine what the company’s long-term strategy is, (2) determine what projects bring most added value to the company and (3) determine what priority these projects should have. We will write a custom essay sample on The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let’s refer to each of these steps in part and determine how they impact the budgeting strategy of a company. The long-term strategy for a company is essential in determining the overall objective of a company. For the long run, this may be increasing the volume of sales or increasing the market share or promoting the company’s image. In any case, these differ in terms of the projects they will imply and the ways they will be affecting the budgeting strategy. For example, increasing sales will perhaps only include increasing spending on advertising and the promotion budget, while promoting the company’s image may include costly promotion campaigns that will have a significant impact on the company’s budgeting management. The second issue is a project portfolio management issue. The economic theory tells us that the resources are always limited, while the needs are not. Applied in this particular case, this means that we are always likely to have a greater number of projects we will wish to perform than the financial resources the company will have at a certain point. This is where the selection issue, corroborated with the budgeting strategy comes in the game. The top management, working with the financial department, will need to establish which are the projects that bring highest added-value to the company and spend the company’s budget on those alone. The selection phase can only come hand in hand with a proper planning of the budgeting activity. On one hand, we have the projects the company wishes to perform, on the other, we have the budgeting restrictions. In terms of budgeting planning, the company and the top management needs to ensure that projects deriving from the current selection will also have sources of financing. An example will properly elucidate this perspective. We will simply take a software project. In the beginning, the primordial activities refer to selecting the working team and creating a project on which work will be done (following the customer’s requirements). On the other hand, while the initial part of the project is strictly related to the programming stage, one mustn’t ignore the fact that, after the project is completed, a tester also needs to be hired in order to test the project’s performances. This means that the initial budgeting scheme will need to be created so as to include several other subsequent factors, factors that are likely to appear at a certain time in the future. Finally, the third phase of the selection phase, correlated with the budgeting procedures, involves deciding on the projects’ priority. This is basically an issue of deciding which of the projects bring added value to the company and to the company’s activities. This means that planning your budgeting policy also needs to consider the future plans in the company. If the company will want to develop different areas into the future, then the budgeting campaign needs to be designed so as to cover any future needs of the company. This is practically what the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to. The argumentation we have previously presented practically comes forth so as to demonstrate the close connection existing between budgeting and budget planning and the company’s overall planning strategies. Indeed, the budgeting policies serve to help the company fulfill its long-term plans and projects, as well as short-termed ones. In this sense, the company planning strategy needs to be fully correlated with the budgeting planning, otherwise there will be no financial support for those plans. Among the management functions we already know about we can also include the budgeting function because, in my opinion, all the others cannot properly function without it. You cannot have a successful planning or organizing within a company without correlating these with the budgeting function, in order to obtain the realistic backup of any project. Budgeting and planning go, in this sense, hand in hand, and you cannot really have one without the other in the company. How to cite The Job Description of A Budgeting Manager, Essays

Developing Solutions to Sustainability Challenges or Not

Question: Discuss about the Developing Solutions to Sustainability Challenges or Not. Answer: In this essay, it has been analyzed whether system thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challenges or not. Business is all about change. It is about renewal, innovation and developing new methods to develop things. Lam and Law (2016) stated that in present ear, business has become imbued with a strand of ethical behavior and its underlying values. Companies have to take care of both environmental and social issues. At the same time, they have to be concerned about wellbeing of people, cultural diversity and their future generation. Robinson (2012) stated that in order to bring change in the behavior and outlook of doing business ethically, it is required to understand what change is and how change comes. Robinson (2012) had identified five major myths about change. According to Robinson (2012), people will change 1) if the learn the correct facts 2) if we sell the case harder 3) if they feel enough pain 4) if they are shocked into action and 5) if rewards ar e high enough. Robinson (2012) had developed theory of change management named A good enough theory. According to this theory no theory is can work perfect in the complex real life situation. However, a theory can be useful if it provides good ideas, wicked problems, human element and entropy. Sustainability has become an essential part of business in the present era. It can be considered as the long-term commitment of a company to change the way it conducts business. It helps to recognize that a business is a part of complex system and it is interdependent with social, environmental and economic issues (Noori et al. 2015). Awareness and management has significant impact on business sustainability. In this essay shifting to more renewable sources of energy has been selected as the wicked problem related with sustainability. Masini and Menichetti (2013) stated that there are three major dimensions of sustainability can be found in a business they are such as vibrant economy, healthy environment and equitable society. The selected wicked problem belongs to the environmental sustainability of an organization. Importance of this issue and development of appropriate solution to solve this issue has been discussed in this essay. Lam and Law (2016) stated that energy is essential part of life. Without energy, millions of people would leave hungry and cold. It has been found that major source energy is fossil fuels. Industries of most of the developed and developing countries use fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and natural oil. Rodriguez-Ubinas (2014) mentioned that, low cost of converting natural resources to energy is the major reason behind using conventional energy sources by companies. However, in the last decade fossil fuel consumption had been increased by double. Sheth and Sinha (2015) stated that, at this rate the total amount of natural oil will last only 20 more years. In future, it will increase the price oil, which will affect all type of business. According to Tejeda and Ferreira (2014), it will possibly lead to international economic crisis (EIA). There are various ways to convert energy without using fossil fuel such as nuclear energy and geothermal energy. Many countries and industries have striated to shift from traditional energy sources to renewable energy sources. However, they are still not used in full potential. Norgaard (2017) stated that, in order to maintain sustainability of business in future, organizations have to think about shifting fully towards renewable energy sources from traditional sources. It will help them to become prepare for the situation when the supply of fossil fuel will not be adequate. It has been considered as wicked problem for two major reasons. They are such as increased amount of population and growing demand of developing countries. Li et al. (2014) stated that, for the last thirty years, the world population is increasing drastically. It in term increases the amount of energy consumptions. If the population rate keeps increasing as the same pace, fossil fuels will not last more than 20 years. Industries of developing countries are consuming more energy than industrialized countries as they are in the process of development. Doci et al. (2015) stated that, most of the companies of developing countries are still able to reach their peak efficiency rate. Hence, it increased consumption and waste development rate. For this reason, it has become utter necessary to shift towards renewable energy for business operation. The unconventional nature of the issue has made it a wicked problem. In order to solve this wicked problem, it is required to develop systems think ing. Three major questions need to be answered using systems thinking. They are such as 1) what are the major challenges that company might face due to the shift towards renewable energy source 2) what are the major advantages that a company can get from the implementation of renewable energy? Is it worthy enough? and 3) what strategies a company can implement to shift towards renewable energy and achieve sustainability In order to shift from conventional energy sources to non-conventional energy sources, it is required for company to find out what are the major challenges that it has to face during this shifting. These challenges are such as infrastructural issues, lower cost efficiency rate and high cost of maintenance. Stoeglehner et al. (2014) stated that, in most of the case, development renewable resources need huge amount of initial investments on infrastructure. It includes factors of prospecting, permitting and marketing. All these factors increase the price of development of renewable energy. For this reason, Most of the companies are unable to use the renewable energy due to its high price. It can be describe in terms of cost efficiency as well. Figure 1: Cost effective source of energy (Source: Norgaard 2017) It has been found from this graph that for 1 MWh energy, a company has to pay $396 for using Solar photovoltaic energy source, $257 for solar thermal and $ 191 for wind- offshore energy sources (Larcher and Tarascon 2015). All these are non-conventional energy sources. On the other hand, a company has to pay $140 for using natural gas, $130 for using coal and $120 for using hydroelectric power sources to get energy of 1 MWh (Fritsche et al. 2014). All these are traditional or conventional energy source. These figures indicate that it is profitable for any organization to use conventional energy sources rather than non-conventional one. In addition, a company has to make some necessary amendments in order to shift from traditional energy sources to conventional energy sources. It can cost extra money to the company (Hinrichs-Rahlwes 2013). For example, in order to use photovoltaic energy, the company has to install solar plates, which is very costly. In addition, it requires high main tenance. Along with that due to the small amount of energy generation (for one or two factories only), the cost of energy production is high. These are the major challenges that a company might have to face while shifting from conventional energy to renewal energy. Now the second question occurs. The second question is that despite of all challenges why a company should shift towards renewable energy sources. The answer is that, in future when all fossil fuels reach the verge of ending, renewable energy source will become the only option for all countries and all industries (Finn and Fitzpatrick 2014). From the usage rate of fossil fuel, it can be assumed that at the pace fossil fuels will last 50 to 100 years maximum. After that, all companies will be forced to use renewable energy sources. From the above discussion about change, it has been analyzed that this is the condition that will lead company to change. Kaldellis and Kapsali (2013) stated that if all companies do not start to shift towards renewable energy source then in future their sustainability will be lost failure is inevitable. Companies should not ignore the huge potential of renewable energy sources as well. According to European Photovoltaic Industry Association, solar energy h as the ability to provide energy to more than 1 billion people within 2020 (Norgaard 2017). By 2040, solar energy will be able to meet 26% of the total energy demand. In terms of cost efficiency, it can be stated that, although it is lower than conventional energy sources, dramatic increase of efficiency can be observed by increasing the amount production. Hinrichs-Rahlwes (2013) stated that by increasing the production to double, the efficiency of solar photovoltaic cells can be increased by 26%, which is huge increment. There are also some other advantages as well. As solar photovoltaic energy, wind energy and tidal energy are renewable, hence they are sustainable as well. Management of an organization of organizations never has to worry about running out of energy anymore. It can also bring economic benefit. The renewable energy sources produce little or no waste products. Hence, a company does not require to spend huge amount of money for waste disposal anymore. It will save huge amount of money for an organization. It will also have less impact on the environment as well. Overall, it can be stated that shifting towards renewable energy source s can really be a major step of a company towards sustainability. Now, the third and the last question occurred. How or what are the strategies a company to use to shift towards renewable energy sources. Before developing strategies, it is required to remember that one or two companies cannot get much success or profit by implementing renewable energy in their plants. Multiple entities are associated in this course of transformation. They are such as equipment manufacturers, suppliers, bank and other financers, installation providers, maintenance providers, subsidy providers, regulators and validators. They work together, even take help from the government to shift towards sustainable green energy. Six major strategies that companies can take together with government agencies to implement sustainable renewable energy. They are such as 1) assessment of resources 2) reduction of cost 3) development of market channels 3) improving policy and regulatory initiatives 4) arrangement of proper financial instruments for green energy 5) proper human resource development through training in order to use renewable energy properly 6) strengthening government policies related with renewable energy use. A matrix has been given below to show the priorities of every initiative. Figure 2: Priority Matrix (Source: created by author) Now an implementation plan has been given below in another table. Figure 3: Implementation plan (Source: created by author) In conclusion, it can be stated that shifting towards renewable energy has some major issues. These issues can be identified using systems thinking. It can also found that despite of all the challenges, implementation of renewable energy can make a company sustainable. Management of a company never has to think about running out of energy anymore. However, companies need to work together with government to make successful implementation of renewable energy. For that purpose, some strategies have been developed along with appropriate implementation plan. These strategies can make a company successful in long run and make it sustainable. References Doci, G., Vasileiadou, E. and Petersen, A.C., 2015. Exploring the transition potential of renewable energy communities. Futures, 66, pp.85-95. Finn, P. and Fitzpatrick, C., 2014. Demand side management of industrial electricity consumption: promoting the use of renewable energy through real-time pricing. Applied Energy, 113, pp.11-21. Fritsche, U.R., Iriarte, L., Jong, J., Agostini, A. and Scarlat, N., 2014, May. Extending the EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria to solid bioenergy from forests. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 129-140). Hinrichs-Rahlwes, R., 2013. Renewable energy: Paving the way towards sustainable energy security: Lessons learnt from Germany. Renewable Energy, 49, pp.10-14. Kaldellis, J.K. and Kapsali, M., 2013. Shifting towards offshore wind energyRecent activity and future development. Energy Policy, 53, pp.136-148. Lam, P.T. and Law, A.O., 2016. Crowdfunding for renewable and sustainable energy projects: An exploratory case study approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, pp.11-20. Larcher, D. and Tarascon, J.M., 2015. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nature chemistry, 7(1), pp.19-29. Li, Y., Song, J. and Yang, J., 2014. A review on structure model and energy system design of lithium-ion battery in renewable energy vehicle. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, pp.627-633. Masini, A. and Menichetti, E., 2013. Investment decisions in the renewable energy sector: An analysis of non-financial drivers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(3), pp.510-524. Noori, M., Kucukvar, M. and Tatari, O., 2015. Economic inputoutput based sustainability analysis of onshore and offshore wind energy systems. International Journal of Green Energy, 12(9), pp.939-948. Norgaard, R.B., 2017. Sustainability: Growing pains. Nature, 542(7640), pp.162-162. Raza, S.S., Janajreh, I. and Ghenai, C., 2014. Sustainability index approach as a selection criteria for energy storage system of an intermittent renewable energy source. Applied Energy, 136, pp.909-920. Rodriguez-Ubinas, E., Rodriguez, S., Voss, K. and Todorovic, M.S., 2014. Energy efficiency evaluation of zero energy houses. Energy and Buildings, 83, pp.23-35. Sheth, J.N. and Sinha, M., 2015. B2B branding in emerging markets: A sustainability perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 51, pp.79-88. Stoeglehner, G., Baaske, W., Mitter, H., Niemetz, N., Kettl, K.H., Weiss, M., Lancaster, B. and Neugebauer, G., 2014. Sustainability appraisal of residential energy demand and supply-a life cycle approach including heating, electricity, embodied energy and mobility. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 4(1), p.24. Tejeda, J. and Ferreira, S., 2014. Applying systems thinking to analyze wind energy sustainability. Procedia Computer Science, 28, pp.213-220.